GT+Conditioning+Bad+Zimbabwe

This Zimbabwe aff plan text will most likely include aid to NGOs--we're still working on this. JT

=**__1AC__**=

**The US provides Antiretrovirals to Zimbabwe, but the assistance is too limited**
[|http://www.plusnews.org/report .aspx?reportid=39584] __Zimbabweans have had to make do with very little HIV/AIDS donor funding__, which Lynde Francis described as trying to manage an "ever-expanding problem with an ever-diminishing pot of money". She said it was "understandable" that donors wouldn't want to "prop up" the existing government, but pointed out that by "withdrawing [funding] it's not the regime suffering, it's the man on the street". Chinhaira agreed, saying, "It really is true that when elephants fight, it is the grass that suffers." __According to a 2004 analysis by the World Bank, neighbouring Zambia received US$187 in aid for every HIV-positive citizen, whereas Zimbabwe's strained relations with some donors meant it received just $4 per person.__ __After a three-year delay, a US $10.3 million grant__ by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria __is finally making its way to Zimbabwe. But activists have stressed that this paled in comparison to what countries "just across the [Zambezi] river" were receiving from international donors.__ __Nevertheless, AIDS NGOs are managing to make a difference__. The way Francis sees it, "__it's like we're on a speeding train with no brakes, and we're trying to save as many people as we can on a day-to-day basis".__
 * Plus News**, 5/10/**06**

**Motivated by political reasons, the US refuses to provide aid to Zimbabwe, while 160,000 Zimbabweans die every year from AIDS.**
===**Dr. Frenk Guni, HIV/AIDS and public health policy expert and consultant, winner of the 2003 Jonathan Mann Award for Global Health and Human Rights//,// recipient of the 2002 International Award for Leadership in HIV/AIDS Programming, has provided services for UNAIDS, WHO and many more** (the Organization of African Unity, US Department of Health and Human Services, USAID, Emory University Faculties of Public Health and Medicine, PACT, AED, The Synergy Project, The Futures Group, Doctors Concerned About AIDS, Global Council on Foundations, US State Department, the Global Fund for TB, Malaria and HIV/AIDS and, most recently, Georgetown UniversityÕs Institute for Health Care Research and Policy. Guni has served as an expert on various HIV/AIDS panels including the Human Resources Services Administration Clinical Experts on HIV/AIDS and Public Health, CDC Special Emphasis Panel of Reviewers, Indiana University School of Medicine-continued medical education & HIV/AIDS and Clinical Considerations for Rolling out HIV Anti-Retroviral Therapy.), 3/30/**05**, “Death by Denial: A Case for Mugabe”, [|http://www.worldpress.org /Africa/2056.cfm] **[jsidney]**=== __It is difficult to overstate the trauma and hardships that the increase in AIDS related morbidity and mortality has brought upon children in Zimbabwe. According to Unicef, one in five children in Zimbabwe is an orphan and a child dies of AIDS every 15 minutes. These statistics are__ not just accurate but __an underestimation of the gravity of the problems bedeviling Zimbabwe.__ __Children are being denied a basic family life, they lack love, attention and affection, and they’re similar to children living in war-ravaged countries. They are pressed into caring for ill and dying parents, removed from school to help with the household or pressed into sex for survival__ to pay for necessities. __They have less access to health care services.__ They __are often treated harshly or abused__ by foster or step parents and society at large. __Relatives__ and neighbors __charged with caring for these children__ frequently __take the children’s inheritance leaving them more vulnerable to mortality, illness and exploitation.__ These problems are occurring in a society where children are already undernourished and impoverished. __How does the World Bank__, the International Monetary Fund, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria among other philanthropic agencies __explain a per capita spending on H.I.V./AIDS of $4 per head per annum in Zimbabwe compared to $187 per head in neighboring Zambia where both prevalence and incidence rates are lower?__ __Across Zimbabwe over a million children are experiencing poverty, enormous mental stress from witnessing the illness and death of their parents and loved ones, and a profound sense of real insecurity. These inadequately met concerns are the fundamental human rights and needs of children and there is an urgent requirement to ameliorate their physical and psychosocial distress and suffering__. It can not be argued otherwise that __the health care system in Zimbabwe has__ long since __collapsed and Zimbabwe’s internal efforts to fight AIDS have in fact been constantly thwarted and undermined by the international community for “technical” and yet ultimately political reasons.__ I was one of the first persons to concur that the Zimbabwean __government’s proposals to the Global Fund had__ serious technical __weaknesses, but the suggested actions put together by experts were never implemented. This in itself demonstrates a more sinister motive to discredit the AIDS response by Zimbabwe based purely on political indifference of the international community and indigence by the Zimbabwean__ __government.__ Furthermore, __there is no logical explanation as to why Zimbabwe was not included in President Bush’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief when all of its surrounding neighbors__ including South Africa, Zambia, Botswana and Mozambique __are focus countries__ receiving funding from the $15 billion pledge. “There are only two possible responses to suffering on this scale. We can turn our eyes away in resignation and despair, or we can take decisive, historic action to turn the tide against this disease ….” President George W. Bush said, demonstrating his global leadership in fighting AIDS. Alas __on AIDS in Zimbabwe the United States has led the entire donor and international community in not just choosing to “turn away in resignation and despair” but in punishing Zimbabweans for the “sins” of their government and political leaders.__ __Over 160,000 people living with AIDS will die this year alone in Zimbabwe. This will undoubtedly result in likely increased instability, crime and other social problems and human rights abuses. H.I.V. infection levels are likely to increase significantly as people in desperate circumstances have to concentrate on immediate survival needs, not on protecting themselves from long term health problems. Lack of sufficient care now is a recipe for the increased spread of H.I.V. infection and social insecurity.__ __No “terrorist attack” or war has ever threatened the lives of over 40 million people globally at one time.__ __The__ institutional __response to AIDS__ internationally __has tended to mirror personal responses__ including initial denial, blame, repression and ultimately a varied degree of acceptance. __However for Zimbabwe the primary limitations are inadequate international and local funding, weak political response exasperated by donor fatigue and a morbid desire by the international community to punish__ President Robert __Mugabe__ and his government for alleged human rights abuses, flawed electoral laws and an unpalatable land reform and redistributing program. Contention 2 is AIDS:
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**The lack of US assistance condemns millions to die from AIDS**
(In Rural Zimbabwe AIDS Still Means Death, [|http://www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/articles/A2441-2005Apr1 9.html]) AIDS is no longer an unavoidable death sentence in most of the world. Even in much of Africa, billions of dollars in international aid has made it a chronic, controllable disease for a small but growing number of patients with access to antiretroviral medicine. But this relief is arriving in a profoundly uneven way, dividing the continent into areas where AIDS is survivable and areas where it is not. By this measure, Mataruse could not live in a worse place. Zhulube is a remote region __in__ southern __Zimbabwe__, a country whose public health system has been decimated by economic collapse and international isolation. In southern Africa, __the epicenter of the global pandemic, no country is as far behind in treating AIDS, according to World Health Organization statistics. An estimated 1.8 million Zimbabweans have HIV__, the virus that causes AIDS. Of that group, __295,000 need antiretroviral treatment immediately, but only 8,000 -- less than 3 percent -- are getting it__, according to a December report from WHO. The need for treatment is growing far more quickly than the capacity to provide it, the report shows. __Mataruse's local clinic__, an arduous three-mile walk from her home, __lacks not only antiretroviral medicine but also the kits needed to test for HIV. Even the basics of modern health care -- syringes, intravenous fluid, antibiotics and elastic bandages -- are frequently out of stock, a nurse at the clinic said.__ There are no doctors there. The nurses who have chronicled Mataruse's decline have never mentioned either HIV or AIDS, she said, and neither term appears in the battered paper folder of medical records she keeps. __The surge of international funding that is beginning to prolong the lives of Africans with AIDS has bypassed Zimbabwe__ almost entirely. The United Nations, the World Bank and President __Bush's AIDS initiative are focusing on other countries__, in large part __because President Robert G. Mugabe's reputation as one of the most undemocratic and anti-Western African leaders has kept donors away from Zimbabwe.__ "__There is tension between the international community and the government of Zimbabwe," said James Elder, a UNICEF spokesman__ in Harare, the capital. __But he added, "Don't take it out on children. Let's move the attention a little bit away from politics and put it on people." The average amount of international funding each year in southern Africa is $74 per person__ __infected with HIV__, __according to UNICEF. In Zimbabwe, that figure is $4.__ The discrepancy is even more dramatic when compared with sums received over the border __in Zambia, where international donors provide $187 per infected person__. And though Zimbabwe is slated to get a grant of $14 million from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the same agency rejected a request in December for more than $250 million, citing technical flaws in the proposal. __The results can be seen in the relative availability of medicine. In Zambia, antiretroviral drugs are reaching 13 percent of those who need them, according to WHO statistics. Zimbabwe's southwestern neighbor, Botswana,__ which has a much higher per capita income and receives substantial health care funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, __is getting antiretrovirals to 50 percent of those who need it. Even in South Africa, which has been widely criticized for its__ __sluggish response to AIDS, antiretrovirals are reaching 7 percent__ of those who need the drugs. __In major South African cities__ such as Johannesburg and Cape Town, __the waiting list for government-subsidized AIDS medicines has virtually disappeared__, doctors there said.
 * Washington Post**, 4/20/0**5**
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**Lack of funds for HIV prevention has led to hundreds of thousands of deaths**
(Zimbabwe Insight into the Humanitarian Crisis and Food Politics, [|http://www.kubatana.net/html /archive/foodse/060504acf.asp ?sector=FOODSE] p10) The people’s health conditions The __life expectancy has dropped to 33.9 years compared to 61__ years __during the early 1990s__ 10. This is primarily __due to the HIV/AIDS__ pandemic __but also to the decline of__ social and __health services. With an estimated national prevalence rate of 20,1%__ 11, __Zimbabwe is one of the countries the most affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. More than 3,000 persons die every week__ __by HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe__, some __170,000 people per year in a country of 11.6 millions. The number of orphans is estimated to rise to 910,000__ in 2005, some __20% of the nation’s children. Out of 295,000 people in need of treatment, only about 9,000 receive antiretroviral treatment,__ which can greatly extend the life of someone infected with the deadly virus 12. The lack of resources but also the decline of the health system explain these figures; as a matter of fact, __the quality and the access to health services in__ __Zimbabwe have been deteriorating over the recent years as a result of under funding__, emigration of health staff, __and the impact of HIV/AIDS. The maternal mortality ratio,__ a good indicator of the quality of health services, deteriorated from 610 per 100,000 live births in 1994 __to 1100 per 100,000 live births__ in 2000. __Child mortality has doubled__ from 59 to 123 per 1,000 live births between 1989 and 2004 13. Besides, a number of __infectious and epidemic prone diseases have re-emerged__ in the past few years: • __one of the country’s worst ever years as regards malaria was 2003-2004__, as a result of failure of the main prevention programme of residual spraying. Already this year __there have been more than 650,000 cases and more than 1000 deaths__. • __cholera has occurred in Zimbabwe every year since 1998, with very high case fatality rates__ during outbreaks. • __Zimbabwe is one of the most affected countries as regards tuberculosis: incidence has increased five-fold__ between 1992 and 2002. __The rise has been attributed mainly to HIV; 80% of TB cases are estimated to be HIV positive. • lastly, rabies and anthrax have made major comebacks as a direct result of the current decline in the capacity for the health care delivery services. Prevention of both diseases required strong intersectoral action, which is currently lacking, regular and widespread vaccine availability and appropriate prevention and control programmes__.
 * Action Contre la Faim**, 4/4/**06**


 * __1AC__**

**AIDS in Zimbabwe will cause further collapse of democracy and escalation to genocide**
Andrew **Price-Smith**, assistant professor of Environmental science and policy, **and** John **Daly**, associate professor of public administration, July 200**4** (Downward Spiral HIV AIDS State Capacity and political conflict in Zimbabwe, [|http://www.usip.org/pubs /peaceworks/pwks53.pdf] p28) 

**Absent AIDS assistance Mugabe’s fall would lead to another dictator, who cannot prevent instability**
Andrew **Price-Smith**, assistant professor of Environmental science and policy, **and** John **Daly**, associate professor of public administration, July 200**4** (Downward Spiral HIV AIDS State Capacity and political conflict in Zimbabwe, [|http://www.usip.org/pubs /peaceworks/pwks53.pdf] p24) __Challenges to Mugabe’s power from members of the country’s military, political, and economic elites may also be prompted by the general contraction of Zimbabwe’s economy__, which will create competition over increasingly scarce fiscal resources. __The growing potential for political violence and coups d’état may be welcomed by opponents of the Mugabe regime, but they should recognize that any successor regime would face a similar situation of worsening economic and political destabilization while the HIV/AIDS epidemic rages unabated.__


 * __1AC__**

**Failure to prevent AIDS in Zimbabwe now permanently destroys good governance**
Andrew **Price-Smith**, assistant professor of Environmental science and policy, **and** John **Daly**, associate professor of public administration, July 200**4** (Downward Spiral HIV AIDS State Capacity and political conflict in Zimbabwe, [|http://www.usip.org/pubs /peaceworks/pwks53.pdf] p27) 

**AIDS causes corruption, state collapse, and escalating wars in Zimbabwe**
Andrew **Price-Smith**, assistant professor of Environmental science and policy, **and** John **Daly**, associate professor of public administration, July 200**4** (Downward Spiral HIV AIDS State Capacity and political conflict in Zimbabwe, [|http://www.usip.org/pubs /peaceworks/pwks53.pdf] p15) Among the numerous //indirect// threats posed by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, three stand out. First, __the HIV/AIDS epidemic is dramatically reducing Zimbabwean life expectancy and quality of life through disease-induced morbidity and mortality and by increasing disease-related poverty. Second, the disease is systematically eroding the economic strength of the country__, __shrinking productivity, precipitating a decline in savings, increasing the country’s debt load, and diminishing its store of human capital__. Third, __the epidemic is systematically__ __eroding the institutions of governance__ (such as police and military forces) __while depleting state capacity, thus dramatically narrowing the range of policy options available to policymakers. These factors combine to produce both the motive and the opportunity for intrastate violence__ between political elites, classes, or ethnicities __and may even generate state failure. The epidemic may also provide increasing incentive for the Zimbabwean state to engage in violence against its own citizens, as political elites seek to maintain their grip on power in a destabilized and disaffected society.__

==**Our failure to provide Zimbabwe with health assistance to fight AIDS is politically motivated, condemning the innocent for the Government’s transgressions—we are ethically obligated to take a non-discriminatory approach to assistance programs**==
 * Contention 3 is ethics**

(Zimbabwe Insight into the Humanitarian Crisis and Food Politics, [|http://www.kubatana.net/html /archive/foodse/060504acf.asp ?sector=FOODSE]) __The vulnerable people of Zimbabwe are the direct victims of these tensions: the debates around the humanitarian situation are so politically charged that it has become increasingly difficult to assess objectively people’s needs__ and to design appropriate interventions. The mutual __mistrust between the Government and the international community limits funding by donors, but also results in increased bureaucratic and practical restrictions by the government to the work of humanitarian organisations__ and in a reduced collaboration between them and Government services. In May 2002, __the British Foreign Minister, Clare Short stated that "People must not be punished because their government is corrupt". Yet the Director of UNICEF noted__ in March 2005 __that "despite the world’s fourth highest rate of HIV infection and the greatest rise in child mortality in any nation, Zimbabweans receive just a fraction of donor funding compared to__ __other countries in the region" and appealed to donors "to__ look beyond politics and to __differentiate between the politics and the people of Zimbabwe". Indeed, HIV/AIDS and other diseases kill today far more than malnutrition which has remained in Zimbabwe at one of the lowest levels in Africa. Yet, most media and NGOs keep focusing on food issu__es, the bulk of the assistance remains food aid, __and a silent embargo is maintained on HIV/AIDS and institutional support funding for health services__. It seems essential today for NGOs to depoliticize humanitarian issues in Zimbabwe. NGOs __interventions may aim not only at bringing assistance to the people but also at improving the working environment in the country; this should include the promotion of a shared understanding of the challenges faced by the communities and of the priorities of the assistance. In order to do so, it is paramount to reject and to fight any form of discrimination in the assistance__, whether it comes from the Government or from donors. It is also essential to produce and disseminate objective information and analysis on livelihood situations in order to generate adequate funding and to promote appropriate relief and recovery interventions that will benefit to the vulnerable people of Zimbabwe. **__Recommendations__ To the international community:** __Western governments shall not impose sanctions to the government that adversely affect the vulnerable people of the country, already strongly impacted by the economic crisis__ and the climate constraints. __They shall rather promote a non-discriminatory approach of the assistance programmes.__
 * Action Contre la Faim**, 4/4/**06**
 * __1AC__**

**Our hidden sanctions on Zimbabwe conceal the instrumentalization of people in euphemism, causing nuclear war and genocide**
Elias **Davidsson**, editor for The Centre for Research on Globalization, Revised November 20**03** (The Mechanism of economic sanctions: Changing Perceptions and Euphemisms, [|http://www.aldeilis.net /english/images/stories /economicsanctions/debate.pdf], Original from March 2002) __In order to effectively describe__ a complex and highly politicized phenomenon, such as __economic sanctions, the utmost care in the choice of terminology is necessary.__ Among the tools of __politicians__ figure their creative __use__ of language, including the invention of __euphemisms and obfuscatory expressions__. Discussing the role of euphemisms in political discourse, Stanley __Cohen writes: The most familiar form of reinterpretation is the use of euphemistic labels__ and jargon. __These are__ everyday __devices__ __for__ masking, sanitising, and __conferring respectability__ by using palliative terms __that deny or misrepresent cruelty__ __or harm, giving them__ neutral or respectable status. Orwell's original account of the anaesthetic function of political language - how words insulate their users and listeners from experiencing fully the meaning of what they are doing - remains the classic source on the subject[**28**]. __Judge Weeramantry__, __in his__ Separate Dissenting Opinion on The legality of nuclear weapons (International Court of Justice (Advisory Opinion) (1996)), __castigates__ [...__] the use of euphemistic language__ - the disembodied language of military operations and __the polite language of diplomacy. They conceal the horror of nuclear war, diverting attention to intellectual concepts__ __such as__ self-defence, reprisals, and __proportionate damage which can have little relevance to a situation of total destruction. Horrendous damage to civilians and neutrals is described as collateral damage, because it was not directly intended; incineration of cities becomes "considerable thermal damage". One speaks of "acceptable levels of casualties", even if megadeaths are involved__. __Maintaining the balance of terror is described as "nuclear preparedness__"; assured destruction as "deterrence", total devastation of the environment as "environmental damage". __Clinically detached from their human context, such expressions bypass the world of human suffering,__ out of which humanitarian law has sprung. With regard to economic sanctions we will show that euphemisms have been used (a) t o hide the mechanism by which such measures are expected to achieve their declared purposes; (b) to imply that these measures target wrongdoers; and (c) to imply that such measures are compatible with humanitarian principles. Regardless whether such obfuscation is deliberate, represents a “blind spot”, or results from the lack of intellectual rigour, the effects of such abuse of language are not innocent. One of the first tasks of those who study economic sanctions is to bring order into the use of terminology. We will review some of the most common linguistic devices that have been used to mask the reality of economic sanctions. (a) How are economic sanctions expected to achieve their declared purpose? __The main declared purpose of__ //__economic__// __sanctions is mostly to induce a government to comply with the demands of the sanctioning parties. This is done by crippling the economy in the targeted territory__. __While the demands imposed__ along sanctions __may be fully legitimate,__ this article is solely concerned with the //mechanism// used to secure the compliance with these demands as well as with some of the linguistic devices that mask this mechanism. __The mechanism by which economic sanctions are expected to achieve their declared objectives is seldom discussed in public__[**29**]. The implied theory of economic sanctions is that by crippling the economy within a territory, the authorities of that territory are prevented from satisfying popular needs such as the supply of commodities, services and work. Massive shortages that ensue are supposed to cause popular discontent, which would translate into a call for the removal of the authorities or a pressure on the authorities to comply with external demands. __The theory__ __is__ thus __predicated on causing civilian pain to achieve a political gain__. Cortright and Lopez, invoking other commentators, dismiss this theory of economic sanctions as “naive” and claim that “there is no direct transmission mechanism by which social suffering is translated into political change”[**30**]. Yet they do not provide a more plausible explanation of the mechanism by which economic sanctions (as distinct from other adverse measures) are expected to yield the compliance of country’s leaders with external demands__. It is not surprising that politicians are loath to acknowledge__ __that a political goal is to be achieved by inflicting severe suffering on a civilian population. To hurt innocent civilians in order to extract concessions from a government is__, after all, __what is defined in U.S. law as international terrorism__[**31**]! (b) Who are the true targets of economic sanctions ? As the mechanism of economic sanctions requires the generation of popular discontent within the targeted territory and as such measures inevitably affect the lives of the civilian population, it is axiomatic that __the targets of such measures are those who happen to live in that territory, without distinctio__n. This fact must be borne in mind when examining the language used to address the various aspects of economic sanctions. Depending upon their position in society, however, individuals and families may suffer the consequences of economic sanctions to a different degree. __Those who suffer most from economic sanctions are vulnerable and powerless population groups whereas the powerful and the wealthy can often avoid the most adverse consequences and may__, sometimes, __even enrich themselves from the inevitable emergence of black markets__. It is thus accurate to say that economic sanctions target the civilian population of a given territory as a whole, particularly the most vulnerable segments of society. In making this statement, it is presumed that those who adopt a policy intend its foreseeable consequences. Certainly those who maintain a given policy after having been put at notice of its severe consequences, must be deemed to have intended such consequences. (c) Euphemisms used to mask the mechanism of economic sanctions and the identity of the targets The examples provided below represent euphemisms commonly used by writers, media and politicians to mask the wholesale and indiscriminate nature of economic sanctions. “Target state” __Various authors sometimes refer to__ “senders” and “__targets” of economic sanctions__ as shortcuts[**32**]. The term “sender” refers to the individual state, the regional organization or the international organisation imposing the sanctions. The term “target” usually refers to the state against which the sanctions are imposed. While the term “sender” serves adequately as a shortcut for the entity or entities who impose economic sanctions, __the term “target” masks the identity of the true addressees.__ __While sanctions are typically coercive, they cannot__, obviously, coerce an object, let alone __an abstract construct, such as “state”__ or “country”. While material objects can be targeted for destruction, __only human beings can be the targets of coercion__**[33]**. Unless measures are specifically coercing the decision-makers in the targeted territory in their individual capacity (in which case the designation //economic// sanctions would not be applicable), the targets of economic sanctions are simply all those who reside in the targeted territory. __From the point of view of the victims of economic sanctions it does__ __not matter whether the expression “target state” is a deliberate obfuscation or results__ __from an inadvertent or convenient “blind spot”, that makes them invisible “targets”.__ __One variant of the expression “target state”[__**__34__**__] is “offending nation”[__**__35__**__]__ __,__ __an__ __expression which imputes collective culpability and provides indirect justification for__ __imposing collective injury__[**36**]. __The conceptual foundation of the concept “target state” rests on the view of the global__ __system as a set of interacting black boxes__ (states) wh__ose contents is irrelevant. The__ __following example illustrates the chilling implications of such conceptualization__: The purpose of __Article 41of the UN Charter__ is not to exact retribution, but to provide for the international excommunication of a delinquent State as an incentive to reform. The Security Council thus seeks to cut out a - temporarily - cancerous cell from the global body[**37**]. Here __a state is compared to a ‘cancerous cell’ which should be removed from the global__ __body, apparently without consideration of its human contents. Such conceptualization__ __echoes the perspective and the language of Adolf Hitler__, as reflected in //Mein Kampf//[**38**]. __By treating states as entities that possess an autonomous will and existence, rather than__ __the mere symbolic representation for the individual human beings who live within the__ __given area, perpetrators of the most odious crimes against humanity could__ in the past __insulate themselves against pangs of conscience[__**39].** Conflating a population with its leader __Another obfuscation__ used to imbue economic sanctions with an ethical veneer, __is to imply that they target a particular loathsome individual rather than a population__. The following example is culled from the proceedings of the debate that took place in the U.S. Congress before the Gulf war of 1991. Senator B. Bradley refers there to Iraq in the third person male and singular, conflating it invidiously with the person of the Iraqi President, Saddam Hussein[**40**]. We would isolate Iraq from the international economic system, with sanctions to deny //him// markets for //his// export, oil, to freeze //his// foreign financial assets, and to deny //his// access to spare parts and supplies on which //his// military machine depends.” (emphasis added). The obfuscatory nature of this statement is readily apparent from this unusual syntax. But beyond this obvious fact, __the author actually conflates a country’s markets and foreign financial assets with those of one person, a fantastic claim by itself.__ __Income from Iraqi oil exports were massively used, not only to finance Iraq’s repressive apparatus and a large and ineffective army, but also to develop Iraq’s infrastructure, health services and school system, reduce poverty and secure access to an adequate supply of nutritional food for all segments of the population. Among items banned by the sanctions, at first, were not only military goods as suggested above, but equally hygienic articles, books, kitchen utensils, children toys and the like. Even food supplies for Iraqi civilians were initially included__ in the trade ban.
 * __1AC__**


 * __1AC__**

**This regulation of medicine on the basis of national interest is part of a dangerous ideology which inevitably results in genocidal nuclear wars.**
Robert **Lifton**, professor of psychiatry @ Harvard, 19**86** (The Nazi Doctors, [|__http://www.holocaust-history .org/lifton/LiftonT503.shtml__] p503) But __my witness does not end with the Nazis. I want to extract__ from what they did __whatever can be psychologically useful__ for us to know __now. Nazi doctors doubled in murderous ways; so can others__. Doubling provides a connecting principle between the murderous behavior of Nazi doctors and the universal potential for just such behavior. __The same is true of the capacity to murder endlessly in the name of national__-racial __cure. Under certain conditions, just about anyone can join a collective call to eliminate every last one of the alleged group of carriers of the “germ of death.”__ Yet __my conclusion is by no means that “we are all Nazis.” We are not all Nazis. That accusation eliminates precisely the kind of moral distinctions we need to make__. One of these distinctions concerns how, with our universal potential for murder and genocide, we for the most part hold back from such evil. __A sensitive healer aghast at discovering her own impulses to slap a patient who had become unruly wrote to me of this “problem of our daily humanity.” But we learn from the Nazis not only the crucial distinction between impulse and act, but the critical importance of larger ideological currents in connecting the two in ways that result in mass evil.__ Those connections and steps are my witness — not the undifferentiated moral condemnation of everybody. But there is an additional witness I cannot avoid making: __the bearing of this study on the nuclear technology of genocide__ which __now haunts us all. The Holocaust we have been examining can help us avoid the next one. We need consider only the possible transfer to the nuclear-weapons threat__ not only of individual doubling but of all of these genocidal principles: __the fear of the “germ of death,” of a contagious illness__ (Soviet communism or American capitalism) __threatening the life of the group__ (the United States or the Soviet Union); __a promise of revitalizing cure via an absolutized vision (of American virtue__ and Soviet evil, or the reverse) __that justifies “killing them all” and excludes the suicidal dimension of that vision; the mobilization of claims of spiritual altruism and scientific. truth__, and of opportunities for transcendence, __as one presses toward mass killing in the name of healing;__ the designation of killing professionals and professional killers for the task, along with increasingly perfected technology and high bureaucratic organization that radically deamplify the genocidal actions; and finally__, the creation of a widely embraced model of the genocidal self through collective patterns of “nuclearism” (embrace of the weapons out of attraction to their ultimate power and to their high technology), and visions of idealistic purification and ultimate sacrifice extending even to the lure of Armageddon__. Must all this happen? Some of it has already, but the rest need not. __Any witness tells of the danger of some form of repetition of what one has observed, in order to encourage steps to prevent that repetition__. One listens to what Loren Eiseley called “the dark murmur that rises from the abyss beneath us, and that draws us with uncanny fascination,”³ and realizes that the murmur is our own, __a whisper of danger that must be heard before it becomes a hopeless genocidal scream__.

==**Plan: The United States federal government should allocate all necessary additional funding to non-governmental organizations for the prevention and treatment of** [|**Human Immunodeficiency Virus**]**/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome in Zimbabwe. We’ll clarify.**==
 * __1AC__**


 * Contention 4 is solvency:**

**We must take action for the cause of humanity by funding NGOS to respond to AIDS in Zimbabwe**
===Dr. Frenk **Guni**, HIV/AIDS and public health policy expert and consultant, 3/30/**05**, “Death by Denial: A Case for Mugabe”, [|http://www.worldpress.org /Africa/2056.cfm] **[jsidney]**=== __This is a time for decisive leadership, a time for action, a time to put aside political demagoguery__; this is __a time to think and act for the cause of humanity. We need to re-focus and channel resources to rebuild and strengthen Zimbabwe’s health care and response mechanism__. Agreed__, there remains a question of accountability__ on the part of the Zimbabwe government, __but__ __surely there are ways to go around that threat.__ For instance, __channel the AIDS response funds__ through the United Nations Theme Group on H.I.V./AIDS or through the World Health Organization or __more directly to N.G.O.s — not withstanding the recently passed N.G.O. Bill of Zimbabwe which to this day the president has not assented to. The bill in material terms does not prohibit external funding to N.G.O.s that are providing humanitarian services not linked to the internal politics of Zimbabwe.__ __If we do not act fast and now, history and posterity will judge us all for our inaction. Zimbabwe’s children are a generation in peril and it’s our time to show that we care. Yes it is our time to show that the international community will stand by the most vulnerable and weak in their time of need. It is not the “body politick” that has H.I.V./AIDS in Zimbabwe and are bearing the burden of care.__ But __it is the ordinary men, women and children who are now looking up to the international community for their own survival.__ __President Robert Mugabe yesterday__ abandoned his confident forecasts of a bumper harvest in Zimbabwe and __confessed that international food aid was needed to avoid famine.__ Mr Mugabe, who declared last year that Zimbabweans would be "choked" if aid was "foisted" upon them, climbed down and agreed to meet the head of the United Nations World Food Programme. Having previously pledged that his seizure of white-owned farms would make Zimbabwe self-sufficient, Mr __Mugabe said he would accept outside help if it came without conditions.__
 * Mugabe empirically allows unconditional aid when needed**
 * __The Telegraph__**, 5/20/**__05__**, “Mugabe admits he needs food aid to rescue Zimbabwe,” <[|http://www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news /2005/05/19/wzim19.xml]>

**US leadership is key to rally support to prevent AIDS**
Andrew **Price-Smith**, assistant professor of Environmental science and policy, **and** John **Daly**, associate professor of public administration, July 200**4** (Downward Spiral HIV AIDS State Capacity and political conflict in Zimbabwe, [|http://www.usip.org/pubs /peaceworks/pwks53.pdf] p38)