SS+Prostitution+neg+-+Alt+Causes

Without economic development aids will be impossible to solve
 * __Cohen 97__** (Desmond, UNDP, Poverty and HIV/AIDS in sub-saharan Africa, issue paper 27, pg. http://www.undp.org/hiv/publications/issues/english/issue27e.html)

__The HIV epidemic has its origins in African poverty and unless and until poverty is reduced there will be little progress either with reducing transmission of the virus or an enhanced capacity to cope with its socio-economic consequences. It follows that sustained human development is essential for any effective response to the epidemic in Africa__. A conclusion that has yet to permeate approaches to the epidemic not only in Africa but more or less everywhere. While the HIV epidemic makes sustained human development more and more unattainable, and actually adds to poverty, it also destroys the human resource capacities essential for an effective response

The root causes of sex-trafficking are economic poverty and the results of it. Unless the case solves for poverty, there’s no chance of it solving for sex trafficking.
(Aderanti Adepoju, Chief Executive, Human Resources Development Centre, Lagos, Nigeria, “Review of Research and Data on Human Trafficking in sub-Saharan Africa,” Saharan Africa International Migration 43 (1-2), 75–98, < http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0020-7985.2005.00313.x>) Child __trafficking__ is a serious human rights issue but the __problems__ of child abuse and neglect __in SSA are rooted primarily in the deteriorating economic situation. Deepening rural poverty forces poor families to give up their children to traffickers, under the pretext of providing them the opportunity to secure good jobs and better lives__ (Dottridge, 2002__). Poverty, lack of access to education, unemployment, family disintegration as a result of death or divorce, and neglected AIDS-orphaned children, make young persons vulnerable to traffickers__.
 * __Adepoju—2005__**

Women in Africa are trafficked due to economic and social reasons- the plan can’t solve the root cause
(Aderanti Adepoju, Chief Executive, Human Resources Development Centre, Lagos, Nigeria, “Review of Research and Data on Human Trafficking in sub-Saharan Africa,” Saharan Africa International Migration 43 (1-2), 75–98, < http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0020-7985.2005.00313.x>) With regard to trafficking in women, **__the literature__** also **__indicates that women__** often **__fall prey to traffickers as a result of poverty, rural-urban migration, unemployment, broken homes, displacement, and peer influence__**. Butegwa (1997) insists that **__in SSA, poverty is__** also **__the major reason for trafficking in women__**. Unemployment, low wages, and poor living standards drive some desperate women into the hands of traffickers. These women then end up offering sexual services in brothels or as domestic servants. Poor women who wish to migrate to rich countries may simply be looking for better job opportunities in order to assist their families. In the process, some fall prey to traffickers. **__Though some of the trafficked women are willing to participate in prostitution in order to escape the poverty trap, deception is the most common strategy used in procuring them and young girls under the guise of offers for further education, marriage, and__** remunerative **__jobs__**. The trafficked persons who obtain huge loans for procuring their tickets, visas, and accommodations discover on arrival that the promise was bogus, and their passports are seized to prevent their escape**__. Many are stranded and helpless, but the absence of a judicial framework limits attempts by law enforcement agencies to prosecute and punish perpetrators and accomplices for their trafficking crimes.__**
 * Adepoju—2005**

As long as their authors ignore the root cause of trafficking and how it interacts with African society, they can never hope to solve
(Aderanti Adepoju, Chief Executive, Human Resources Development Centre, Lagos, Nigeria, “Review of Research and Data on Human Trafficking in sub-Saharan Africa,” Saharan Africa International Migration 43 (1-2), 75–98, < http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0020-7985.2005.00313.x>) Research efforts in West Africa have focused on gathering data on young children recruited and transported across frontiers and later exploited to work in agriculture and domestic service and for women trafficked into the sex industry. Often, **__researchers have glossed over or completely ignored the broader socio-cultural and economic contexts in which__** migration, in general, and more strictly **__trafficking in human beings, takes place__**. **__Yet it is obvious that these contexts, in the African situation, define who is selectively sponsored for migration, the nature of networks, the role of intermediaries, and the returns to migration.__**
 * Adepoju—2005**

THE WHOLE REGIME OF US SEXUAL HEALTH ASSISTANCE IS RIDDLED WITH CONDITIONS – THE GAG RULE AND ABSTINENCE REQUIREMENTS SIMILARLY ERODE AFRICAN SELF-GOVERNANCE [GAYLE, “OLD WIN IN NEW BARRELS”, http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2004-03-24-smith-en.html] No doubt, these are aid levels that set historic __precedents, define__ George W __Bush as a champion of foreign aid__ and mean more money for Africa. And given how hard it has been to increase US development spending since the end of the Cold War, the Bush administration deserves credit for doing what many had thought impossible__.__ __But consistent with his other grand gestures, Bush's new aid policies bear the trademark of his administration: the triumph of ideology over facts.__ The conservative side of George Bush's global compassion was evident from the first day of his administration, __when he reinstated what is called the "Mexico City" policy, less charitably referred to as the "global gag rule"__. Originally announced by President Ronald Reagan at the Second International Conference on Population in Mexico City in 1984, __this provision dictates that US aid cannot be provided to foreign non-governmental organisations that use funding from any source to provide abortions or abortion counsellin__g, or which lobby to make abortion legal in their countries of residence. These restrictions remained in place throughout the Reagan and first Bush administrations, but were rescinded by President Clinton. In 1998, leaders in the Republican-dominated House of Representatives conditioned the payment of US back dues to the United Nations on imposition of the global gag rule. Clinton vetoed the legislation, but caved-in to congressional demands a year later in order to pay US$900 million in outstanding dues to the UN; he subsequently exercised his authority and waived the restrictions. __George W Bush went further than his father, however, and coupled the reinstatement of the global gag rule with the requirement that one-third of new US spending on international HIV/Aids programmes be allocated to abstinence programmes.__ The highly regarded American Medical Association and US National Institutes of Health have for long backed comprehensive sex education. __But supporters of abstinence from among conservative think tanks and the US radical right carry more weight with the Bush administration, and the weight they carry is substantial.__ Congress has allocated more than US$100 million to domestic abstinence programmes; the Centers for Disease Control has removed a page from its website that reviewed effective, comprehensive sex education programmes; US NGOs that do not advocate abstinence-only programmes, or have criticised the global gag rule, report an unusual number of audits by the federal government; the Bush administration has allied itself with Pakistan, Libya, Saudi Arabia and other non-democratic regimes to oppose references to "gay men" or "sex workers" in UN resolutions, and with members of Congress to ensure that USAID avoids the same references in its own public materials. Bush's conservatism is fast trumping the effectiveness of his compassion, particularly in Africa. The gag rule has forced the closure of clinics in Kenya, curtailed community outreach programmes in Ethiopia, Zambia and Uganda, and forced established family planning organisations to close or reduce services. __According to recent reports by the Center for Reproductive Rights and Population Action International, USAID - once the world's leading provider of condoms to the developing world - has terminated condom shipments to 16 developing countries whose family planning associations are affiliated with International Planned Parenthood and to another 13 countries whose main, but not only, family planning organisation will not sign on to the gag rule.__
 * __SMITH__**, SENIOR DIRECTOR OF AFRICAN AFFAIRS – NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL, **__4__**

vaccine will solve aids now __Eurkealert 2k6__ (11/10, pg. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-11/idso-pmi111006.php)
__Researchers have successfully tested two candidate vaccines that may eventually be used together to confer immunity against HIV infection__. Their findings are published in the December 15 issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases, now available online. Barney S. Graham, MD, PhD, and colleagues from the National Institutes of Health IH Vaccine Research Center in Maryland, the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, and GenVec Incorporated tested two possible HIV vaccines with the hope of producing an immune response in healthy, uninfected adults. One was a plasmid DNA-based vaccine expressing genes from three dominant HIV subtypes, and the second used recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) as a vector to deliver similar HIV strains. "Both approaches operate by gene delivery of customized vaccine antigens that are produced by host cells to initiate an immune response. DNA is simple and does not have the problem of anti-vector immunity. However, DNA may be less potent than vector-based gene delivery strategies. Replication-defective rAd5 has the advantage of targeted, efficient gene delivery and high potency, but may be susceptible to anti-vector immunity," said Graham. __Both vaccines were tested in healthy uninfected adult volunteers. The DNA vaccine was found safe and well-tolerated.__ By week 12 following immunization, 97.5% of vaccinees experienced positive CD4 T cell responses and 40% experienced positive CD8 T cell responses.