SS+Prostitution+neg+-+No+Solvency

They are misreading the evidence – it is about Thailand not Africa.
 * __Kinney__**, Ph.D Candidate at UC-Berkeley, 200**__6__**. “RECENT DEVELOPMENT Appropriations for the Abolitionists: Undermining Effects of the U.S. Mandatory Anti-Prostitution Pledge in the Fight Against Human Trafficking and HIV/AIDS,” 21 Berkeley J. Gender L. & Just. 158.

__The following analysis is based in part on ten months of field research in Thailand__ which included site visits to Public Welfare safe houses, detention and rehabilitation centers, and migrant worker clinics. 38 Quotes are drawn from over fifty confidential interviews with NGO and IO activists, lawyers, police, government social workers, and United Nations personnel involved in counter-trafficking and AIDS-prevention taskforces and programs. 39 The voices of activists, front line officials, and undocumented migrants suggest that for HIV/AIDS and trafficking programs to be successful, they cannot be conditioned on morally charged funding restrictions. Without consulting a broad coalition of groups, encouraging rigorous development of best practices in the field, and taking seriously the demands of trafficked and exploited migrants themselves, even the best-intentioned policies will ultimately backfire.

Extending fund towards prostitutes doesn’t solve – 4 reasons.
 * __Kinney__**, Ph.D Candidate at UC-Berkeley, 200**__6__**. “RECENT DEVELOPMENT Appropriations for the Abolitionists: Undermining Effects of the U.S. Mandatory Anti-Prostitution Pledge in the Fight Against Human Trafficking and HIV/AIDS,” 21 Berkeley J. Gender L. & Just. 158.

For example, __despite new programs to incorporate "victim-sensitivity__" and human rights trainings for trafficking interventions, __discriminatory enforcement, extortion by corrupt officials, gender-based restrictions on mobility, and increased marginalization of workers in informal sectors, particularly in the sex industry, continue to plague trafficking interventions__ in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) countries, including Thailand. __125 As a result,__ __increasing__ [*182] __collaboration between NGOs__, government organizations (GOs), __and criminal justice agencies often inadvertently pits concerns about national security and illegal immigration against the protection and rights of exploited migrants__

Sex worker targeted programs fail- wider community efforts key

 * AIDS Weekly ‘7** (April 9, “HIV/AIDS; Community-based measures fail to reduce HIV levels, new study shows,” Lexis)

<__Interventions that target individuals with a high risk of contracting HIV have a negligible impact on HIV transmission in the general population, according to a new study of communities in Zimbabwe__, published today. The three-year study shows that __community-based peer education, free condom distribution, and clinic-based STI treatment and counselling services targeted at female sex workers and their male clients had **no impact** on HIV incidence in the wider community.__ __The study shows that it was possible to reduce the incidence of HIV in men - but not the women__ - who were reached by the programme. However, __the reduction in HIV incidence amongst these men did not have the anticipated impact on HIV incidence in the larger community.__ __The researchers__, writing in the journal PLoS Medicine, __had hoped that levels of HIV in the community as a whole could be reduced through targeting men and women who were perceived to have the riskiest sexual behaviour and reducing the incidence of HIV amongst them.__ They believed that this would reduce HIV incidence in the wider sexual networks where these people were thought to be key. __The programme aimed to reduce transmission through sex workers and it provided women with small interest-free loans together with training in small business management, in order to reduce their economic dependence on sex work.__ Recent studies show that commercial sex work centred around bars and beer halls remains a major source of HIV transmission. The male participants benefited from the programme with a decrease in incidence of HIV-1, a reduction in reporting of unprotected sex with casual partners, and a decrease in symptoms of sexually transmitted infections. However, the study found that these benefits were not shared by the sex workers reached by the programme and there was no resultant reduction in HIV incidence for the community as a whole. The researchers believe that their efforts to reduce incidence in female sex workers were unsuccessful largely for economic reasons. Whilst some men may have given up visiting sex workers or started to use condoms consistently, __the sex workers themselves were unable to acquire alternative sources of income and continued to have unprotected sex with some of their partners - on occasions, in exchange for a larger payment.__ Dr Simon Gregson, lead author of the study from the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology at Imperial College London, said: "__The results of the study were disappointing. Targeting smaller high-risk groups did not have the knock-on effect we had hoped and in addition, we weren't able to reduce the incidence of HIV in women in the way we had anticipated.__ We wanted to reduce women's reliance on sex work through our micro-credit scheme but this failed, partly because of the economic downturn in Zimbabwe. __"Programmes similar to the one we introduced are widely used in HIV prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. Our study shows that we probably need much larger programmes, based on skills training, to alleviate poverty and strategies that reach into the **wider community** to stem the epidemic,"__ he added.>

Human trafficking in Sub-Saharan Africa is caused by a variety of economic, social, and political factors- no one program or policy can solve
(Thanh-Dam, Professor ofWomen/Gender and Development Studies at The Hague, “Poverty, Gender and Human Trafficking in Sub-Saharan Africa: Rethinking Best Practices in Migration Management,“ http://portal.unesco.org/shs/en/ev.php-URL_ID=9169&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html)
 * Truong—2006**


 * __Being a multi-causal problem, human trafficking requires a multi- dimensional answer. No single organisation is capable of ‘solving’ all affiliated problems, nor should it enforce one vision of the problem as__**
 * __global.__** **__A combination of practices capable of creating synergetic effects and consolidating policy goals among engaged actors is sorely needed; but this is being prevented by the paradox of the liberalisation of economies despite the non-liberalisation of labour mobility.__** One way to address this dilemma may be to lift the barriers to labour mobility irrespective of skill levels. The political feasibility of this option is small at regional as well as global level (Pécoud and de Guchteneire, 2005). Haas (2005: 13) proposes a liberal approach towards labour migration of both low and highly skilled workers where a real demand exists, but with restricted application in respect of circular migration where no permanent settlement can result. The difficulty with Haas’s proposal is that it resonates with the same logic of migration management as did South Africa’s Apartheid regime which left many (Black) migrant communities in poverty as they were not permitted to settle. Their poverty has been transmitted to younger generations because working adults were constantly on the move. **__Constant movement of adults undermines emotional attachment, domestic stability and household asset management__** (Moser, 1999). The constant movement of male workers is now known also to have spurred prostitution and sex trafficking. De Haan (2000:28) points out that **__the denial of rights of migrants – relating to free circulation, requesting and obtaining asylum, and being accompanied by family members – in international contexts but also at the national level, limits a migrant in building an ongoing livelihood__**. The proposal to apply the principle of circular migration among low-skill workers may serve the interests of societies which face sector-based labour deficits, but not (in any real way) those of migrant workers and their families.

Sex worker targeted programs fail- wider community efforts key

 * AIDS Weekly ‘7** (April 9, “HIV/AIDS; Community-based measures fail to reduce HIV levels, new study shows,” Lexis)

<__Interventions that target individuals with a high risk of contracting HIV have a negligible impact on HIV transmission in the general population, according to a new study of communities in Zimbabwe__, published today. The three-year study shows that __community-based peer education, free condom distribution, and clinic-based STI treatment and counselling services targeted at female sex workers and their male clients had **no impact** on HIV incidence in the wider community.__ __The study shows that it was possible to reduce the incidence of HIV in men - but not the women__ - who were reached by the programme. However, __the reduction in HIV incidence amongst these men did not have the anticipated impact on HIV incidence in the larger community.__ __The researchers__, writing in the journal PLoS Medicine, __had hoped that levels of HIV in the community as a whole could be reduced through targeting men and women who were perceived to have the riskiest sexual behaviour and reducing the incidence of HIV amongst them.__ They believed that this would reduce HIV incidence in the wider sexual networks where these people were thought to be key. __The programme aimed to reduce transmission through sex workers and it provided women with small interest-free loans together with training in small business management, in order to reduce their economic dependence on sex work.__ Recent studies show that commercial sex work centred around bars and beer halls remains a major source of HIV transmission. The male participants benefited from the programme with a decrease in incidence of HIV-1, a reduction in reporting of unprotected sex with casual partners, and a decrease in symptoms of sexually transmitted infections. However, the study found that these benefits were not shared by the sex workers reached by the programme and there was no resultant reduction in HIV incidence for the community as a whole. The researchers believe that their efforts to reduce incidence in female sex workers were unsuccessful largely for economic reasons. Whilst some men may have given up visiting sex workers or started to use condoms consistently, __the sex workers themselves were unable to acquire alternative sources of income and continued to have unprotected sex with some of their partners - on occasions, in exchange for a larger payment.__ Dr Simon Gregson, lead author of the study from the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology at Imperial College London, said: "__The results of the study were disappointing. Targeting smaller high-risk groups did not have the knock-on effect we had hoped and in addition, we weren't able to reduce the incidence of HIV in women in the way we had anticipated.__ We wanted to reduce women's reliance on sex work through our micro-credit scheme but this failed, partly because of the economic downturn in Zimbabwe. __"Programmes similar to the one we introduced are widely used in HIV prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. Our study shows that we probably need much larger programmes, based on skills training, to alleviate poverty and strategies that reach into the **wider community** to stem the epidemic,"__ he added.>