SS+HoganLibgober+-+Reparations

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 * Thus we present the following plan:**
 * The** **United States** **federal government should substantially increase its public health assistance to Sub Saharan** **Africa****.**


 * Chapter 1: The Apartheid Past**
 * The privileged society we live in is a direct result of the apartheid past – our ignorance to** **United States** **policy that is plagued with colonial discourse is the root of current African disparity – this cycle of violence will continue without first addressing the question of reparations.**
 * __Africa__** **__Action__** "Reparations" 200**__7 (__**http://www.africaaction.org/resources/issues/reparations.php).

Nobel Peace Prize laureate, Archbishop Desmond **__Tutu__** 5 September 200**__1__** Ecumenical caucus statement at World Conference Against Racism http://www.oikoumene.org/index.php?id=2442.
 * And, this continued colonialism contributes to immeasurable dehumanization and death.**

Salih **__Booker,__** executive director of Africa Action. June 19, 200**__3__** (Who owes whom? AIDS and reparations [|Christian Science Monitor], http://www.africaaction.org/desk/csm0306.htm).
 * Moreover, in the face of this racial colonization a discourse of repa****rations is necessar****y to add****ress lingering damage;** **putting a price on past injustices is not enough – we must respond to the current health crisis as repa****rations for the colonial ignorance that brought it about.**

Steve **__Miller,__** The Washington Times, September 11, 200**__1__****__.__**
 * Lastly, rebuilding public health is the necessary form of these repa****rations.**

Our use of the phrase Sub Saharan** **Africa** **is by no means a celebration of its colonial meaning – rather a strategic essentialization of the phrase which is key to criticize and break down the dominant discourse surrounding it.** Raka **__Shome__**, Senior Lecturer at the London School of economics and political science with a PhD in communication studies at the University of Georgia, February 19**__96__**, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An “Other” View”.
 * Chapter 2: The Ethic of Essentialism

Herbert **__Ekwe-Ekwe__**, Afican Activist, Editor, USAfricaOnnlinel Respected Author, 200**__6__**, Arikan Quest, "Mediawatch," http://www.southwark.tv/quest/aqMediawatch.asp.
 * And, t****he phrase Sub Saharan is a cons****truct used by the West to control** **Africa****'s constitution as a geopolitical space, allowing for the imperialist drain of resources and the total control of African ontology. This causes the perpetuation of violent apparatuses** **which are the cau****ses** **of all genocideal violence** **occuring in Africa. Stategical Essentialism of the** **term of Sub Sahara allows A****fricans to reconfigure their own subjectivity, rising up from Western violence.**

Arturo **__Escobar__**, Distinguished professor at Chapel Hill, Enccountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Thrid World, Princeton Press, 19**__94__**.
 * And, framing matters** **– the continuation of colonial discourse is an apparatus o****f colonial control – our 1AC** **has chosen its words carefully so should the negative otherwise domination is inevitable.**

Lucy **__Jarosz__**, University of Washington Department of Geography, 19**__92__**, Geografiska Annaler Series B Human Geography, Vol. 74, No. 2., p. 105-115, JSTOR.
 * Lastly, representation shapes the way policies towards Afri****ca are created – representations of Africa a****s the "Other" justifies** **cultural domination – we must question our framing and representations in the context of Africa.**

Riat **__Abrahamsen__**, Department of Internatino Politics – University of Wales, 200**__5__**, Alternatives 30, Blair's Africa: "The Polics of Securitization of Fear".
 * Chapter 3: F*** the Disad**
 * Prioritizing the politics of the "here" above the politics of the "elsewhere" represe****nts** **Africa as a risk - this** **perpetuates the cause of violence rather than contributing to their solution.**

Louis **__Menadd__**, Phd at Columbia, The New Yorker, December 5, 200**__5__**.
 * Err on the** **s****ide of probable impacts – their so called experts do not understand the future of political affairs – its as accurate as a moneky throwing darts.**

J.R. **__Nyquist__**, Worldnetdaily.com, May 20, 19**__99__**, “Is Nuclear War Survivable”.
 * Futhermore, this is proven by the fact that nuclear war will never end in extinction.**